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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Header
-
-
- Note:
- Georgia has been beset by ethnic and civil strife since independence. In
- late 1991, the country's first elected president, Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA was
- ousted in an armed coup. In October 1993, GAMSAKHURDIA, and his supporters
- sponsored a failed attempt to retake power from the current government led
- by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard SHEVARDNADZE. The Georgian
- government has also faced armed separatist conflicts in the Abkhazia and
- South Ossetia regions. A cease-fire went into effect in South Ossetia in
- June 1992 and a joint Georgian-Ossetian-Russian peacekeeping force has been
- in place since that time. Georgian forces were driven out of the Abkhaz
- region in September 1993 after a yearlong war with Abkhaz separatists.
- Nearly 200,000 Georgian refugees have since fled Abkhazia, adding
- substantially to the estimated 100,000 internally displaced persons already
- in Georgia. Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the border of Abkhazia
- and the rest of Georgia.
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia
- Map references:
- Middle East
- Area:
- total area:
- 69,700 sq km
- land area:
- 69,700 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than South Carolina
- Land boundaries:
- total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252
- km
- Coastline:
- 310 km
- Maritime claims:
- NA
- International disputes:
- none
- Climate:
- warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
- Terrain:
- largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser
- Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in
- the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood
- plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
- Natural resources:
- forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal
- and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and
- citrus growth
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 11%
- permanent crops:
- 4%
- meadows and pastures:
- 29%
- forest and woodland:
- 38%
- other:
- 18%
- Irrigated land:
- 4,660 sq km (1990)
- Environment:
- current issues:
- air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River
- and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from
- toxic chemicals
- natural hazards:
- NA
- international agreements:
- party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Ship Pollution; signed, but not
- ratified - Desertification
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 5,725,972 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 24% (female 674,331; male 707,355)
- 15-64 years:
- 64% (female 1,894,681; male 1,791,847)
- 65 years and over:
- 12% (female 410,703; male 247,055) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 0.77% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 15.77 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 73.1 years
- male:
- 69.43 years
- female:
- 76.95 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Georgian(s)
- adjective:
- Georgian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz
- 1.8%, other 5%
- Religions:
- Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox
- 8%, unknown 6%
- Languages:
- Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7%
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1989)
- total population:
- 99%
- male:
- 100%
- female:
- 98%
- Labor force:
- 2.763 million
- by occupation:
- industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44%
- (1990)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Georgia
- conventional short form:
- Georgia
- local long form:
- Sak'art'velos Respublika
- local short form:
- Sak'art'velo
- former:
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Digraph:
- GG
- Type:
- republic
- Capital:
- T'bilisi
- Administrative divisions:
- 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika);
- Abkhazia (Sokhumi), Ajaria (Bat'umi)
- note:
- the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in
- parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under
- direct republic jurisdiction
- Independence:
- 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)
- National holiday:
- Independence Day, 26 May (1991)
- Constitution:
- adopted 21 February 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary
- and popular review by late 1995
- Legal system:
- based on civil law system
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (Chairman of the
- Government Council since 10 March 1992; elected Chairman of Parliament in 11
- October 1992; note - the Government Council has since been disbanded);
- election last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results -
- Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 95%
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Otar PATSATSIA (since September 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers
- Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since 25 November 1992), Tamaz
- NADAREISHVILI (since September 1993), Temur BASILIA (since 17 March 1994),
- Bakur GULA (since NA)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral
- Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet):
- elections last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results
- - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party
- NA
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Government
- Political parties and leaders:
- Citizens Union (CU), Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, Zurab SHVANIA, general secretary;
- National Democratic Party (NDP), Georgi (Gia) CHANTURIA, Ivane GIORGADZE;
- United Republican Party, umbrella organization for parties including the GPF
- and the Charter 1991 Party, cochairmen Bakhtand DZABIRADZE, Notar NATADZE,
- and Theodor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE,
- chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Thedor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Social Democratic
- Party (GSDP), Guram MUCHAIDZE, secretary general; National Reconstruction
- and Rebirth of Georgia Union, Valerian ADVADZE; Christian Democratic Union
- (CDU), Irakli SHENGELAYA; Democratic Georgia Union (DGU), El'dar SHENGELAYA;
- National Independence Party (NIP), Irakliy TSERETELI, chairman; Georgian
- Monarchists' Party (GMP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA;
- Republican Party (RP), Ivliane KHAINDRAVA; Workers' Union of Georgia (WUG),
- Vakhtang GABUNIA; Agrarian Party of Georgia (APG), Roin LIPARTELIANI; Choice
- Society (Archevani), Jaba IOSELIANI, chairman; Georgian Workers Communist
- Party, Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman; National Liberation Front, Tengiz
- SIGULA, chairman
- Other political or pressure groups:
- supporters of ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA (deceased 1 January 1994)
- boycotted the October elections and remain a source of opposition
- Member of:
- BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
- INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
- UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Tedo JAPARIDZE
- chancery:
- (temporary) Suite 424, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 393-6060, 5959
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Kent N. BROWN
- embassy:
- #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi 380026
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [7] (8832) 98-99-67, 93-38-03
- FAX:
- [7] (8832) 93-37-59
- Flag:
- maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle
- divided horizontally with black on top, white below
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Georgia's economy has traditionally revolved around Black Sea tourism;
- cultivation of citrus fruits, tea, and grapes; mining of manganese and
- copper; and a small industrial sector producing wine, metals, machinery,
- chemicals, and textiles. The country imports the bulk of its energy needs,
- including natural gas and oil products. Its only sizable domestic energy
- resource is hydropower. Since 1990, widespread conflicts, e.g., in Abkhazia,
- South Ossetia, and Mingreliya, have severely aggravated the economic crisis
- resulting from the disintegration of the Soviet command economy in December
- 1991. Throughout 1993 and 1994, much of industry was functioning at only 20%
- of capacity; heavy disruptions in agricultural cultivation were reported;
- and tourism was shut down. The country is precariously dependent on US and
- EU humanitarian grain shipments, as most other foods are priced beyond reach
- of the average citizen. Georgia is also suffering from an acute energy
- crisis, as it is having problems paying for even minimal imports. Georgia is
- pinning its hopes for recovery on reestablishing trade ties with Russia and
- on developing international transportation through the key Black Sea ports
- of P'ot'i and Bat'umi. The government began a tenuous program in 1994 aiming
- to stabilize prices and reduce large consumer subsidies.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $6 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated
- from World Bank estimate for 1992)
- National product real growth rate:
- -30% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $1,060 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 40.5% per month (2nd half 1993 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- officially less than 5% but real unemployment may be more than 20%, with
- even larger numbers of underemployed workers
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $NA
- expenditures:
- $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
- Exports:
- $NA
- commodities:
- citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products; diverse types of
- machinery; ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles; chemicals; fuel
- re-exports
- partners:
- Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992)
- Imports:
- $NA
- commodities:
- fuel, grain and other foods, machinery and parts, transport equipment
- partners:
- Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (1993); note - EU and US sent humanitarian food
- shipments
- External debt:
- NA (T'bilisi owes about $400 million to Turkmenistan for natural gas as of
- January 1995)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate -27% (1993); accounts for 36% of GDP
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 4,410,000 kW
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Economy
- production:
- 9.1 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 1,526 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, airplanes;
- machine tools, foundry equipment, electric locomotives, tower cranes,
- electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation and meat packing,
- electric motors, process control equipment, instruments; trucks, tractors,
- and other farm machinery; light industrial products, including cloth,
- hosiery, and shoes; chemicals; wood-working industries; the most important
- food industry is wine
- Agriculture:
- accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea;
- important producer of grapes; also cultivates vegetables and potatoes;
- dependent on imports for grain, dairy products, sugar; small livestock
- sector
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic
- consumption; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
- Economic aid:
- recipient:
- heavily dependent on US and EU for humanitarian grain shipments; EC granted
- around $70 million in trade credits in 1992 and another $40 million in 1993;
- Turkey granted $50 million in 1993; smaller scale credits granted by Russia
- and China
- Currency:
- coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari
- at undetermined future date; in July 1993 use of the Russian ruble was
- banned
- Exchange rates:
- coupons per $US1 - 1,280,000 (end December 1994)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 1,570 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines
- broad gauge:
- 1,570 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
- Highways:
- total:
- 33,900 km
- paved and graveled:
- 29,500 km
- unpaved:
- earth 4,400 km (1990)
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 km (1992)
- Ports:
- Bat'umi, P'ot'i, Sokhumi
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 419,416 GRT/640,897 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 11, cargo 1, oil tanker 19, short-sea passenger 1
- Airports:
- total:
- 28
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 1
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 7
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 4
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 1
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 1
- with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:
- 1
- with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 1
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 1
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 5
- with unpaved runways under 914 m:
- 6
- Note:
- transportation network is in poor condition and disrupted by ethnic
- conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network lacks maintenance
- and repair
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 672,000 telephones (mid-1993); 117 telephones/1,000 persons; poor telephone
- service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (December 1990)
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- NA
- international:
- links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; low-capacity satellite link
- and leased international connections via the Moscow international gateway
- switch with other countries; international electronic mail and telex service
- available
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- NA
- televisions:
- NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Georgia
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Army, Navy, Air Force, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Guards/National
- Guard
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 1,385,593; males fit for military service 1,095,835; males
- reach military age (18) annually 42,207 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $85 million, NA% of GDP (1992)
- Note:
- Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's
- control
-